Guest Column | February 6, 2017

The Evolution Of Medical Imaging In Clinical Research

By Samiya Luthfia Khaleel, Lead Analyst, Clinical R&D, Beroe Inc.

Medical imaging plays an instrumental role in the clinical development of new life science products. Although the medical imaging industry is in a constant state of flux — due to increased investment in medical imaging companies, as well as mergers and acquisitions — adoption of novel imaging technologies to support clinical trials for the pharma, biotech, and medical device industries continues to increase. In fact, “centralized” imaging data is now used as a primary endpoint in many clinical research studies. This article will explore the factors driving imaging implementation in clinical trials, the current hurdles to increased adoption, and some of the technologies available to help overcome those challenges.

FDA And The Rise Of Imaging In Clinical Trials

The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (FDAMA) of 1997 opened the door for imaging modalities to be used as a product development tool in pharmaceutical or medical device clinical trials by allowing data generated through imaging modalities to be included in regulatory submissions.¹ In March 2004, FDA launched the Critical Path Initiative (CPI), which launched the use of modern scientific and technological tools to predict the safety, efficacy, and manufacturability of medical products and to improve the accuracy of results during research studies or tests.²

FDA then released the draft guidance Clinical Trial Imaging Endpoint Process Standards in August 2011.³ This document describes standards that sponsors can use to ensure that clinical trial imaging data is obtained in a manner that:

Complies with trial protocol and standards,
Maintains imaging data quality within and among clinical sites, and
Provides a verifiable record of imaging process

This agency support has increased the adoption of imaging in clinical trials, and hence contributed to the growth of the imaging core laboratory services market. According to Markets and Markets, the global imaging clinical trial market size was $773.4 million in 2016 and is poised to grow at a CAGR of 6 to 8 percent between 2016 and 2020.⁴ The top five medical imaging service providers represent over 70% of the clinical trials imaging market.

Considerations Regarding The Use Of Imaging In Trials

Medical imaging is currently being utilized in clinical trials in three primary ways:

As a primary study endpoint: With the increasing costs and timelines for drug development, pharmaceutical companies are exploring innovative technologies that can bring new drugs to market sooner for unmet needs (e.g., orphan diseases). Using imaging as a primary, surrogate, and quantitative biomarker can accelerate clinical trials. However, forethought should be exercised during clinical trial study design when using imaging as an endpoint.
In early-phase clinical trials: Imaging is a natural fit for early phase trials, since they are more dynamic and involve more scientific work than later-phase trials. Although early-phase trials typically present less logistical challenges, more imaging-intensive protocol and study structuring is involved.
In late phase clinical trials: As a product moves through clinical trials, the imaging focus shifts toward efficient trial management streamlined operational workflow for easy regulatory approval.

There are numerous benefits to incorporate imaging into clinical trials:

Imaging is a non-invasive tool that enables the study tissues that are difficult to sample through biopsy, such as lesions in cancer patients.
It can also aid in the study of molecular-level disease scenarios and in prescribing targeted therapy (precision medicine), allowing screening and stratification of patients who are likely to respond to the tested therapeutic product and significantly reducing the overall study budget.
It can reduce drug development time and accelerate regulatory approvals.

On the other hand, integrating imaging in clinical trials also presents unique challenges:

The number of hospitals with access to the most advanced imaging technologies is limited in certain geographies, presenting site selection problems for multinational, multicenter studies.
There has been some reluctance to adopt imaging as a biomarker, since it is sometimes perceived as an imprecise, qualitative method to arrive at drug efficacy conclusions.
Lack of high-speed network connections at trial sites can hinder the quick transfer of images and lead to image latency. Network downtime can also be an issue, due to natural disasters and/or equipment/software malfunctions.
Each trial is different, and there are very few software systems on the market that can effectively document the rationale for changes or modifications in clinical trials (audit trail) to meet 21 CFR Part 11 compliance.
The complexities associated with physician reading or evaluation/assessment criteria used with respect to a therapeutic area may lead to inter- and intra-reader variability.
Trial delays due to complex protocols involved in study set-up and revisions of project charter can sometimes call into question the usefulness of imaging as a primary endpoint in clinical trials.
Spammers and other malicious code authors can launch distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks on connected imaging systems, aggravating privacy concerns related to cloud computing.
Adding imaging to clinical studies can add considerable cost.

We will explore this last item further in a moment, reviewing the factors that contribute to an imaging-based study budget.

Centralized Clinical Imaging Collection And Reading Via A Core Laboratory

To prevent any bias in reading of images collected during a clinical trial, data collection and assessment should be performed in a centralized imaging CRO or core lab. These activities should occur in blinded manner to conform to FDA requirements and to provide consistency and credibility of imaging data. In a multi-center trial, the study should be designed in such a way that:

Imaging evaluations have uniform time-points across the study and across sites,
A digitized form of data capture is used, rather than image films,
Blinded review is performed by the endpoint assessment committee, and
Trial-specific standards are implemented in imaging assessment and are well-defined and reliable.⁵

However, as stated previously, using an imaging core laboratory drives up study costs significantly. What makes these labs so expensive? Following are the primary elements in an imaging lab’s cost structure:

Staff: A typical clinical trial requires a project manager, medical imaging technologist, biostatistician, radiologist, technical services manager, imaging scientist or physicist, and a clinical IT/software specialist. Approximately 50 to 60 percent of staff costs are attributable to radiologists. In some cases, imaging core labs have in-house radiologists, which increases their percentage of staff costs to 80 to 85 percent.
Software tools: Some imaging core laboratories use in-house image data management systems for image upload, de-identification, data processing, and storage. They also use a variety of image analysis software/tools, both developed in-house and also in-licensed.
Logistics: This staff is involved in site set-up, study site management, travel oversight, and image transfer (in film, CDs/DVD, and other formats), often from less technologically savvy investigator sites.
Other: Also contributing to overhead are maintenance costs and, in some cases, rented facility costs.

The chart below breaks down the imaging-related service costs for an example oncology drug trial involving 150 subjects and 429 total imaging visits (≤3 per subject) over two years.

Technology Solutions To Streamline Imaging In Clinical Studies

Using standardized protocols can prevent clinical trial delays and furnish quality images to regulatory authorities. The Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance (QIBA) protocol provides standardized methods and imaging procedures with uniform protocols that can be implemented to achieve accurate and reproducible quantitative endpoints in clinical trials, following Uniform Protocols in Clinical Trials (UPICT) conventions. These can be implemented across modalities, diseases stages, and anatomic sites.⁶ QIBA facilitates the use of imaging as a quantitative endpoint in clinical research and also gives proof of health status changes in patients to be easily accepted by regulatory authorities.

More than half of query stoppages in imaging-based clinical trials arise from human errors, and can lead to delays of up to seven weeks.⁷ AG Mednet has added many features to its image transfer software to help prevent delays in clinical trial by reducing queries that arise due to noncompliance in image capture and transfer between sites and core laboratories or between CROs and sponsors. They have introduced a Submission, Quality & Compliance (SQC) software for QIBA that automatically QCs images to determine if they comply with the QIBA protocols/standards. This prevents additional queries due to lack of imaging quality, right at the source of image capture, and prevents trial delays.⁸

AG Mednet’s platform has pattern recognition capability and anatomical QC at the site level, in addition to Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) edit checks, electronic form edit checks, and admin QC checks (image checks and data de-identification). It also has the ability to assure that specified views (e.g., coronal, sagittal, axial) are present.

A multitude of new technology patents have also been filed for improving image capture and reading/assessment. As pharmaceutical companies are eager to reduce development timelines, imaging core lab players are bringing proprietary technologies to the market as a means of saving sponsor costs and time. Labs have also been concentrating on particular therapeutic areas to become specialists in specific fields.

For example, Medical Metrics Inc., a core imaging lab specializing in the area of orthopedics and spine, offers software for quantitative assessment of new therapeutics. Instead of reviewing images side by side, the physician readers can see a superimposed dynamic view of the captured image to determine if the treatment has worked.⁹

IXICO offers a reading tool called Assessa, which helps improve decision-making in clinical trials for neurological disorders like dementia, cognitive impairment, and memory-related diseases like Alzheimer’s, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease. Assessa compares the brain image of a subject with multiple reference images in an image database. Reference images most similar to the subject’s degenerative brain morphology are selected using LEAP (learning embeddings for atlas propagation) technology. LEAP has been shown to predict, for instance, the time of transition from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia.¹⁰

As discussed above, image analysis and data collection comprise 46 to 48 percent of overall imaging clinical trials cost. These costs can be dramatically reduced by implementing new technologies that enable physicians to spend less time analyzing images and that reduce the probability of errors occurring during image assessment.

What’s Next for Medical Imaging Technology in Clinical Studies?

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a developmental imaging modality in which superparamagnetic nanoparticles of iron oxide are injected into the bloodstream and used as tracers. The nanoparticles are coated with different ligands that have affinity towards specific cells. Once they bind to cells, the nanoparticles emit signals enabling researchers to see the spatial distribution of drugs throughout the body, and also to view biological processes in real time.

MPI has been demonstrated during the preclinical stage in animals but has yet to extend to human trials. However, the technology is advantageous as, unlike other imaging techniques, it involves no ionizing radiation and could be a viable option for diagnostic and interventional purposes.^{11, 12}

Conclusion

On the surface, imaging studies add cost to clinical trials. However, they can save sponsors considerable money in the long run by (A) helping identify patients most likely to benefit from the drug and (B) providing unique measures of the pharmacodynamic properties of drugs in the tumor microenvironment. These benefits enable imaging biomarkers to increase the probability of success in clinical trials and to evaluate efficacy more rapidly, thereby avoiding further investment in ineffective therapies and promoting therapies that might otherwise have been declared a failure.

References

About the Author

Samiya Luthfia Khaleel is a lead analyst for central and core lab services procurement at Beroe Inc. Her role involves regular interaction and networking with more than 100 clinical suppliers, and keeping track of market innovations related to the procurement of R&D services. Samiya completed her master's degree in biomedical sciences at Aston University (UK), conducting her thesis in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatments. She previously worked as a drug discovery scientist and industrial biotech engineer. You can contact her at samiya.khaleel@beroe-inc.com.

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The Evolution Of Medical Imaging In Clinical Research

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